Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that has recently gained global attention due to its rapid spread and the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). This article delves into what mpox is, how it spreads, its symptoms, and the steps being taken to control its outbreak.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It was first identified in 1958 in laboratory monkeys, hence the original name "monkeypox." The disease primarily occurred in Central and West Africa, where it was linked to contact with infected wild animals. However, recent outbreaks have seen mpox spread to non-endemic countries, prompting international concern.
How is Mpox Transmitted?
The mpox virus is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (responsible for smallpox). Transmission occurs through close contact with an infected person or animal. This can happen via:
- Direct skin-to-skin contact: The virus enters the body through broken skin, the respiratory tract, or the mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth).
- Respiratory droplets: Prolonged face-to-face contact can spread the virus, particularly through respiratory droplets.
- Contaminated objects: Touching objects, fabrics, and surfaces that have been contaminated by an infected person can also lead to transmission.
Symptoms of Mpox
The symptoms of mpox are similar to those of smallpox but are generally milder. They typically appear within 7-14 days of exposure and include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Backache
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Chills
- Exhaustion
- Rash: This usually starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body, eventually forming fluid-filled lesions that scab over and fall off.
Why the Name Change?
The WHO renamed monkeypox to mpox in 2022 due to concerns about stigmatization and the potential for racial and social discrimination. The decision to change the name was part of a broader effort to ensure that disease names are culturally sensitive and do not perpetuate stereotypes.
Global Response to Mpox Outbreak
The recent mpox outbreaks in non-endemic countries have led to a coordinated global response. The WHO’s declaration of a global health emergency emphasizes the need for heightened surveillance, rapid testing, and vaccination where necessary. Public health authorities are also focusing on raising awareness about how to prevent the spread of the virus.
Vaccination campaigns have been initiated in several countries, particularly using the smallpox vaccine, which offers cross-protection against mpox. Additionally, isolation of confirmed cases and contact tracing are critical components of the containment strategy.
Conclusion
Mpox is a disease that, while similar to smallpox, is generally less severe but still poses significant health risks, especially with its recent global spread. Understanding what mpox is, how it spreads, and the symptoms it causes is crucial for preventing its transmission and protecting public health. With ongoing global efforts, there is hope that the current outbreak can be contained, and future risks minimized.